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Information Shrubs or trees, 0.05–20 m, not clonal or, sometimes, clonal by layering or stem fragmentation. Stems usually erect or decumbent; branches usually flexible at base, usually not glaucous, (dull to highly glossy). Buds usually alba-type, sometimes caprea-type or intermediate, scale margins connate, (inner membranaceous layer sometimes free and separating from outer layer). Leaves: stipules on early ones absent, rudimentary, or foliaceous, on late ones usually foliaceous, sometimes rudimentary or absent; petioles usually convex to flat, or shallowly grooved adaxially, sometimes deeply grooved, usually not glandular distally; largest medial blade usually hypostomatous, sometimes amphistomatous or hemiamphistomatous, (glands, if present, usually marginal or submarginal), linear, lorate, narrowly oblong, oblong, narrowly to broadly elliptic, oblanceolate, obovate, or broadly obovate, 0.7–13.7 times as long as wide, angle of base and of apex less or greater than 90o, surface (usually not glaucous abaxially), hairs usually white, sometimes also ferruginous or gray; juvenile blade hairs white, sometimes also ferruginous. Catkins flowering as or just before leaves emerge, from lateral buds; staminate on flowering branchlet or sessile, usually stout, or slender to globose; pistillate on flowering branchlet or sessile, usually densely flowered, sometimes loosely, usually stout or subglobose to globose, sometimes slender; floral bract usually brown, black, tawny, bicolor, or sometimes light rose, apex usually entire; pistillate bract usually persistent after flowering. Staminate flowers: abaxial nectary usually absent (except S. wolfii, rarely S. argyrocarpa and S. breweri); stamens 2, (1 in sect. Sitchenses); filaments distinct or connate, glabrous or hairy; anthers usually purple or red turning yellow. Pistillate flowers: abaxial nectary usually absent; ovary not glaucous, glabrous or hairy, hairs usually flattened, beak usually gradually tapering to or slightly bulged below styles; ovules 2–37 per ovary; styles usually connate, sometimes distinct; stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded or pointed tip, or stigmas slenderly or broadly cylindrical, or 2 plump lobes. 2n = 38 (29), 57 (1), 76 (16), 95 (1), 114 (4), unknown (21).

Information Plants 0.3–6 m. Stems: branches yellow-gray, yellow-brown, or red-brown, not glaucous, glabrous, pilose, or villous; branchlets yellow-brown, gray-brown, or red-brown, (not or weakly glaucous), glabrous, pilose, or moderately densely villous. Leaves: stipules foliaceous, apex acute, acuminate, or rounded; petiole convex to flat, or shallowly grooved adaxially, 3–17 mm, pilose, villous, or pubescent adaxially; largest medial blade (often amphistomatous), lorate, narrowly oblong, or narrowly to broadly elliptic, 26–102 × 8–30 mm, 2.5–3–5.2 times as long as wide, base convex, rounded, or subcordate, margins flat or slightly revolute, (thickened), entire or serrulate, apex acute or acuminate, abaxial surface not glaucous, glabrous, pilose, or moderately densely short-silky, hairs (white, sometimes also ferruginous), wavy, adaxial dull or slightly glossy, glabrous or moderately densely pilose; proximal blade margins entire, crenate, or serrulate; juvenile blade green, pilose to densely villous abaxially, hairs white, sometimes also ferruginous. Catkins flowering as or just before leaves emerge; staminate stout or subglobose, 7–37 × 5–12 mm, flowering branchlet 0.5–5.6 mm; pistillate densely or moderately densely flowered, stout, 12–62 × 7–17 mm, flowering branchlet 1–9 mm; floral bract brown, 0.7–2.1 mm, apex rounded or retuse, abaxially hairy throughout or proximally, hairs straight, wavy, or curly. Staminate flowers: adaxial nectary narrowly oblong, oblong, ovate, or flask-shaped, 0.6–1.5 mm; filaments distinct or connate ca. 1/2 their lengths, glabrous, hairy on proximal 1/2; anthers yellow or purple turning yellow, 0.5–0.8 mm. Pistillate flowers: adaxial nectary oblong, ovate, or flask-shaped, 0.3–0.8 mm, shorter than stipe; stipe 0.5–2.5 mm; ovary pyriform, glabrous, beak gradually to abruptly tapering to or slightly bulged below styles; ovules 10–18 per ovary; styles 0.3–1.4 mm; stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded tip, or slenderly cylindrical, or 2 plump lobes, 0.2–0.26–0.48 mm. Capsules 2.5–6 mm. 2n = 76.

Information Plants 0.3–2 m. Stems: branches yellow-brown or red-brown, villous, soon glabrescent; branchlets sparsely to densely villous or tomentose. Leaves: stipules sometimes marcescent, rudimentary or foliaceous on early ones, foliaceous on late ones, usually inconspicuous, narrowly elliptic to ovate, 0.9–2.8–8 mm, apex acute; petiole 3–14 mm, villous or pilose adaxially; largest medial blade (often amphistomatous), narrowly elliptic, elliptic, oblanceolate, or obovate, 29–80 × 8–24 mm, 2.2–3.9 times as long as wide, base sometimes rounded, apex acuminate, acute, or convex, abaxial surface pilose or moderately densely villous to glabrescent, hairs wavy, adaxial pilose or moderately densely villous to glabrescent; proximal blade margins entire or serrulate; juvenile blade sparsely to densely villous. Catkins: staminate 19–53 × 9–14 mm, flowering branchlet 1.5–20 mm; pistillate slender to stout, 19–56(–60 in fruit) × 7–18 mm, flowering branchlet 2–27 mm; floral bract tawny, greenish, brown, or bicolor, 1–3.4 mm, apex convex to rounded, hairs wavy. Staminate flowers:abaxial nectary 0.1–0.8 mm, adaxial nectary oblong or ovate, 0.6–1.3 mm, filaments distinct, glabrous, or hairy on proximal 1/2. Pistillate flowers: adaxial nectary sometimes flask-shaped, 0.6–1.4 mm;, stipe 0.3–1.5 mm, ovary pyriform, densely villous or tomentose, beak gradually tapering to or slightly bulged below styles, ovules 6–15 per ovary, styles connate to distinct 1/2 their lengths, 0.4–1.4 mm, stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded tip, or slenderly to broadly cylindrical, 0.2–0.4–0.64 mm. Capsules 5–8 mm. 2n = 114.,.

Information Stems: branches short-silky or villous to glabrescent; branchlets usually moderately densely long-silky, villous, or woolly. Leaves: petiole (0.5–)1–3(–4) mm; largest medial blade narrowly oblong, oblong, narrowly elliptic, elliptic, narrowly oblanceolate, or obovate, (10–)23–30(–40) × 5–16 mm, (1.5–)2.8–3(–4) times as long as wide, base rounded, convex, or subcordate, apex acute or convex, abaxial surface moderately densely villous or long-silky, adaxial pilose, villous, or long-silky to glabrescent, hairs straight or wavy. Catkins: staminate 5.3–21 × 4–10 mm, flowering branchlet 0.3–10 mm; pistillate globose, subglobose, or stout, 6–20 × 4–15 mm, flowering branchlet 0.3–11 mm; floral bract tawny, 1–3 mm. Staminate flowers: abaxial nectary 0.5–1.1 mm, adaxial nectary 0.5–1.4 mm; filaments distinct or connate less than 1/2 their lengths, glabrous, or hairy on proximal 1/2; anthers ellipsoid or globose, 0.3–0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers: abaxial nectary (0–)0.4–1.4 mm, adaxial nectary oblong, 0.8–2 mm; stipe 0–0.6 mm; ovules 2–5 per ovary; styles connate to distinct 1/2 their lengths, 0.5–1.5 mm. Capsules 3–6 mm. 2n = 38.

Information Plants 0.3–2.6 m. Stems: branches red-brown or yellow-brown, not or weakly glaucous, glabrous or pilose at nodes; branchlets yellow-green, red-brown, or brownish, pilose. Leaves: stipules foliaceous, apex convex or rounded; petiole convex to flat, or shallowly grooved adaxially, 2–7.5 mm, villous or pubescent to glabrescent adaxially; largest medial blade (sometimes amphistomatous), elliptic or broadly elliptic, 20–50 × 10–31 mm, 1.6–2–2.8(–3.6) times as long as wide, base convex, rounded, or cordate, margins flat, serrulate or entire, apex acute, convex, or acuminate, abaxial surface not glaucous, pilose or glabrous, hairs wavy, adaxial slightly glossy, pilose or glabrous; proximal blade margins entire, serrulate, or crenulate; juvenile blade green, glabrous or pilose abaxially, hairs white. Catkins flowering as leaves emerge; staminate stout, subglobose, or globose, 7–17 × 6–10 mm, flowering branchlet 1–3 mm; pistillate densely or moderately densely flowered, stout or subglobose, 12–38 × 6–12 mm, flowering branchlet 1.5–10 mm; floral bract brown, black, or bicolor, 1–2 mm, apex acute or convex, abaxially hairy, hairs wavy. Staminate flowers: adaxial nectary narrowly oblong to oblong, 0.4–0.8 mm; filaments distinct, glabrous; anthers purple turning yellow, 0.4–0.6 mm. Pistillate flowers: adaxial nectary narrowly oblong to oblong, 0.4–1 mm, shorter to longer than stipe; stipe 0.2–1 mm; ovary pyriform, glabrous, beak gradually tapering to or slightly bulged below styles; ovules 8–12 per ovary; styles 0.5–1.2 mm; stigmas broadly cylin-drical, 0.14–0.21–0.36 mm. Capsules 3.2–4.5 mm. 2n = 38.

Information Plants 0.5–2 m. Stems: branches red-brown or violet, pubescent to glabrescent; branchlets yellow-brown or yellowish, sparsely pubescent or densely long-silky, hairs straight, wavy, curved, or crinkled. Leaves: petiole convex to flat, or shallowly grooved adaxially, 3–5.6 mm, pubescent or long-silky adaxially; largest medial blade narrowly oblong, narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or oblanceolate, apex acute, acuminate, or convex, abaxial surface pubescent, short-silky, or villous, adaxial sparsely to densely short- to long-silky, or villous; juvenile blade short- to long-silky or villous abaxially. Catkins: pistillate moderately or very densely flowered, subglobose or globose, 8.5–19 × 7–12 mm, flowering branchlet 1–7 mm; floral bract 0.8–1.6 mm. Staminate flowers: abaxial nectary (0–)0.1–0.2 mm, adaxial nectary 0.4–0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers: adaxial nectary oblong, 0.4–0.8 mm, shorter to longer than stipe; stipe 0.2–0.9 mm; ovary glabrous; ovules 10–12 per ovary; stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded or pointed tip. 2n = 38.

Information Plants 0.1–0.6(–1) m, (forming clones by layering). Stems (decumbent); branches gray-brown, red-brown, or yellow-brown, not to strongly glaucous (dull or slightly glossy), pubescent; branchlets gray-brown, red-brown, or yellow-brown, sparsely pubescent. Leaves: stipules rudimentary, foliaceous, or absent on early ones, foliaceous on late ones (0.2–1.8(–5) mm); petiole deeply to shallowly grooved adaxially, 1.5–8 mm, glabrous or pubescent adaxially; largest medial blade (sometimes amphistomatous), elliptic, narrowly elliptic, obovate, or broadly obovate, 17–74 × 8–30 mm, 1.2–4.5 times as long as wide, base cuneate, convex, or subcordate, margins flat, serrulate, crenulate, or sinuate, apex acute, convex, or acuminate, abaxial surface not glaucous, glabrous, adaxial slightly glossy, glabrous; proximal blade margins crenate; juvenile blade reddish or yellowish green, glabrous. Catkins flowering as leaves emerge; staminate stout, 11.5–39 × 5–14 mm, flowering branchlet 0.5–6 mm; pistillate moderately densely flowered or densely flowered, slender or stout, 16–46(–50 in fruit) × 4–15 mm, flowering branchlet 1.5–12 mm; floral bract brown, black, tawny, or bicolor, 0.4–1.1 mm, apex retuse or acute, abaxially hairy throughout or proximally, hairs curly or wavy. Staminate flowers: adaxial nectary oblong, ovate, or square, 0.2–0.34–0.4 mm; filaments distinct, glabrous; anthers purple turning yellow, 0.3–0.6 mm. Pistillate flowers: adaxial nectary square, oblong, or ovate, 0.2–0.4 mm, shorter than stipe; stipe 0.6–1.7 mm; ovary pyriform, glabrous, beak gradually tapering to or slightly bulged below styles; ovules (6–)10–14 per ovary; styles connate or distinct 1/2 their lengths, 0.3–0.7 mm; stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded tip, or 2 plump lobes, 0.16–0.23–0.32 mm. Capsules 4–6 mm. 2n = 38.

Information Plants 0.6–4 m. Stems: branches yellow, red, or violet, not to strongly glaucous (slightly glossy), pilose; branchlets yellow-green or red-brown, pilose to villous (inner membra-naceous bud-scale layer free, separating from outer layer). Leaves: stipules foliaceous, apex acute; petiole convex to flat, or shallowly grooved adaxially, 3–8–17 mm, pilose or villous adaxially; largest medial blade narrowly oblong, oblong, or elliptic, 21–57–99 × 6–20–37 mm, 1.9–2.9–5 times as long as wide, base rounded, convex, subcordate, or cordate, margins flat or slightly revolute, entire or serrulate (with relatively short, slender teeth), apex acuminate, acute, or convex, abaxial surface not glaucous, pilose, short-silky, or densely woolly-tomentose to glabrescent, hairs wavy, adaxial dull or slightly glossy, sparsely to densely silky-tomentose, midrib remaining hairy; proximal blade margins entire or serrulate; juvenile blade yellowish green, very densely long-silky or woolly abaxially, hairs white (sometimes yellowish). Catkins flowering as leaves emerge; staminate stout or subglobose, 9.5–36.5 × 7–15 mm, flowering branchlet 1.5–7 mm; pistillate densely or moderately densely flowered, stout or subglobose, 11–51 × 8–16 mm, flowering branchlet 2–12 mm; floral bract brown or black, 1.4–2.8 mm, apex rounded or acute, abaxially hairy, hairs straight or wavy. Staminate flowers: adaxial nectary narrowly oblong to oblong, 0.5–1.1 mm; filaments distinct, glabrous or hairy basally; anthers yellow or purple turning yellow, 0.5–0.9 mm. Pistillate flowers: adaxial nectary narrowly oblong to oblong, 0.5–1.1 mm, longer than or equal to stipe; stipe 0.2–1.6 mm; ovary pyriform, short- or long-silky to glabrescent, beak gradually tapering to or slightly bulged below styles; ovules 12–16 per ovary; styles 0.5–1.5 mm; stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded tip, slenderly or broadly cylindrical, or 2 plump lobes, 0.18–0.39–0.76 mm (evidentially two size classes). Capsules 4–10 mm. 2n = 76.

Information Plants 0.2–6 m, not clonal. Stems erect or decumbent; branches brownish, yellow-brown, gray-brown, or red-brown, villous or pilose to glabrescent; branchlets yellow-brown or red-brown, sparsely to densely villous or tomentose to glabrescent. Leaves: stipules (marcescent or not), foliaceous or rudimentary on early and late ones; petiole (usually deeply to shallowly grooved adaxially), 1–27 mm, (much longer than subtended bud); largest medial blade usually hypostomatous, sometimes hemiamphistomatous or amphistomatous, usually narrowly elliptic, elliptic, usually oblanceolate or obovate, sometimes narrowly oblong or obovate, 27–82 × 6–39 mm, 1.4–4.8 times as long as wide, base usually cuneate or convex, sometimes rounded, rarely subcordate, margins slightly revolute or flat, usually entire, apex acute, acuminate, convex, or rounded, abaxial surface densely villous or villous-silky, tomentose, short- or long-silky, or pilose, hairs usually wavy or straight, sometimes curved, adaxial usually slightly glossy, sometimes dull, moderately densely villous, pilose, or long-silky to glabrescent; proximal blade margins entire or serrulate; juvenile blade sparsely or densely villous, tomentose, or long-silky abaxially. Catkins: staminate 14–53 × 5–17 mm, flowering branchlet 1–25 mm; pistillate densely to sometimes loosely flowered, slender, stout, subglobose, or globose, 15–83 × 7–21 mm, flowering branchlet 2–37 mm; floral bract tawny, brown, bicolor, or greenish, 1–3.4 mm, apex convex or rounded, entire, abaxially hairy, hairs wavy, crinkled, or straight. Staminate flowers: abaxial nectary 0.1–1 mm, adaxial nectary narrowly oblong, oblong, square, ovate, or flask-shaped, 0.5–1.3 mm, nectaries distinct, or connate and cup-shaped; filaments distinct or slightly or partly connate, glabrous, or hairy on proximal 1/2; anthers 0.4–0.8 mm. Pistillate flowers: abaxial nectary absent, adaxial nectary usually narrowly oblong, oblong, or ovate, sometimes flask-shaped, 0.4–1.8 mm, shorter to longer than stipe; stipe 0.3–2.8 mm; ovary pyriform or obclavate, densely villous, tomentose, short-silky, or pubescent, beak usually gradually tapering to styles, sometimes gradually tapering to or slightly bulged below styles; ovules 6–22 per ovary; styles connate to distinct 1/2 their lengths or more, 0.3–1.6 mm; stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded tip, or slenderly or broadly cylindrical, 0.2–0.8 mm. Capsules 4.5–9 mm. 2n = 76, 95, 114, 152.